播期对胶园林下种植疣柄魔芋产量和品质的影响

为明确胶园林下间作疣柄魔芋的适宜播期，以疣柄魔芋（Amorphophallus virosus）为供试材料，分别以种植面积较大的常规胶园和光照条件更优的全周期胶园为间作林，研究2016年2月25日（SD1）、3月25日（SD2）、4月25日（SD3）三个播期对疣柄魔芋生育期、叶片性状、块茎产量、块茎可溶性糖、蛋白质和淀粉含量的影响。结果显示：全周期胶园林下疣柄魔芋生育期各播期差异不显著，常规胶园林下疣柄魔芋生育期随播期延后而缩短，SD1与SD3差异达显著水平。全周期胶园林下疣柄魔芋叶片数和叶柄基部直径随播期延后而显著增加，叶柄长度受播期影响不显著；常规林下不同播期疣柄魔芋的叶片数无显著差异，叶柄长度和基部直径随播期延后而降低，SD1和SD3差异达显著水平。全周期胶园林下间作疣柄魔芋的平均产量以SD1播期最高，为22.76 t·hm^-2，但三个播期间差异不显著；常规胶园林下间作疣柄魔芋的产量随播期延后而逐渐增加，以SD3播期的产量最高，为10.90 t·hm^-2，与SD1差异达显著水平。播期对胶园林下间作疣柄魔芋的可溶性糖、可溶性蛋白和淀粉含量无显著影响。综上可知，全周期胶园林下间作疣柄魔芋在2月25日—4月25日间均适宜播种，适当早播有利于其产量形成；常规成龄胶园林下间作疣柄魔芋以3月25—4月25日之间为宜，适当晚播有利于其产量形成；全周期胶园林下疣柄魔芋产量显著高于常规胶园。研究结果可为橡胶园林下疣柄魔芋的高产高效栽培技术提供理论依据。     

水稻秧盘育秧制浆刀片匀浆过程分析及其优化设计

针对现阶段水稻秧盘育秧技术中制匀泥浆效率低下的问题,采用正交设计方法、计算流体动力学数值模拟和试验分析,对不同参数刀片在水田中匀浆作业时的匀浆效果和功率损耗进行研究。结果表明:1)单刀切削幅宽为影响泥浆运动速度和功率损耗的最大因素,折弯角影响不明显;2)当刀片滑切角为50°,折弯角为115°,单刀切削幅宽为60 mm时,刀片匀浆效果好;当滑切角为30°,折弯角为135°,单刀切削幅宽为20 mm时,功率损耗小;3)刀片中心面处和刀片折弯侧0.1 m处刀片打匀泥浆效果良好;4)功率损耗仿真值与试验值平均相对误差为12.16%,在可接受范围内。     

基于RGB颜色空间的早稻氮素营养监测研究

针对双季稻区水稻过量施肥带来环境污染和成本提高问题,设计不同品种氮肥梯度大田试验,应用数码相机获取早稻冠层数字图像,研究不同色彩参数及早稻氮素营养指标的时空变化特征,以期确立双季早稻氮素营养预测模型。结果表明:不同品种同一氮肥处理下图像色彩参数差异不大;拔节期数字图像参数对氮素营养指标敏感;模型构建结果显示,图像参数INT与水稻氮素营养指标构建的模型决定系数(R2)最大,模型预测效果最佳,R2分别为0.895 7和0.924 7;进一步采用多元回归分析和BP神经网络分析法进行预测,预测效果均较好。对预测结果进行检验,发现品种对于模型的构建影响不大,以BP神经网络分析法构建的叶片氮浓度(LNC)模型和以INT为敏感色彩参数构建的叶片氮积累量(LNA)回归模型效果最优,而多元回归分析方法则效果不佳。早稻冠层RGB颜色空间敏感参数与氮素营养指标间相关性较好,可以实现氮素营养的无损监测诊断。     

不同基质育秧对水稻秧苗素质的影响

研究营养土、基质、基质＋营养土3种育秧盘土以及盖种土为基质、营养土2种盖种方法对水稻机插秧苗素质的影响。结果表明：不论那种基质、那种配方作盘土,基质含量越高出苗越慢,叶龄相对较小。单株根条数、百株干重也随着基质含量增大而降低的现象。但通过基质与营养土按不同比例配比作盘土,用营养土盖种,能够培育适合水稻机插需要的健壮秧苗,同时随基质配比降低,育秧成本也随之降低。     

兴宁市优质稻高产品种种植示范及其配套技术

近几年来兴宁市积极推广优质稻的生产,种植面积逐年增加。结合兴宁市优质稻栽培实践,总结了目前的示范推广情况,最后提出了配套的技术要点。     

氮肥、密度对寒地超级稻‘龙粳31’产量的互作效应研究

试验采用单因子和二次正交旋转组合设计,探讨氮肥密度互作对寒地超级稻‘龙粳31’产量、干物质重及产量构成的影响情况。结果表明:产量与氮肥、密度均呈显著的二次曲线关系,同时氮肥密度对产量互作效应明显,中等施氮量和较高密度互作更易获得高产。互作效应下氮肥取135.0 kg/hm2、密度取34.6穴/m2时,产量最高达9948.17 kg/hm2。高氮肥高密度配合,齐穗期干物质重最重,但此时产量却显著下降。高氮肥和高密度配合更容易获得较多穗数;但中等施氮量和较低的密度配合更易获得大穗;氮肥密度与千粒重不存在互作效应。因此科学合理的氮肥、密度相互配合,从而构建合理的群体结构,获得适宜的齐穗期干物质重,才能发挥超级稻的产量潜力。     

Influence of summer legume residue recycling and varietal diversification on productivity,energetics, and nutrient dynamics in basmati rice–wheat cropping system of western Indo-Gangetic Plains

A field experiment was conducted on summer mungbean residue recycling (SMBRR) and basmati rice–wheat cropping system (BRWCS) at New Delhi, India. The SMBRR enhanced the system productivity and net returns by ～19.1% and 22.1% compared to summer fallow (SF) with highest magnitude under genotypic sequence of P 2511/HD 2967. Two genotypes each in basmati rice (PB 1 and P 2511) and wheat (HD 2967 and HD 2733) responded well to SMBRR with respect to grain yield efficiency index (GYEI) ≥ 1.0. SMBRR also registered ～13.5% higher microbial biomass carbon (MBC) than SF. Soil organic carbon (SOC) storage also increased by ～6.8% in 0–30 cm soil layer. The rice–wheat–summer mungbean system produced significantly highest energy efficiency compared to the rice–wheat–summer fallow system with highest values under genotypic sequence of P 2511/HD 2967 as a result of better yield expression. Overall, SMBRR with suitable genotypic sequence improved the system productivity, profitability, and nutrient dynamics in BRWCS, which are vital for long-term sustainability of this system.     

水分与氮素及其互作对水稻产量和水肥利用效率的影响研究进展

了解水分、氮素及其互作对水稻产量与水、氮利用效率的影响,对协同提高水稻产量与水氮利用效率有重要意义。本文概述了水稻节水灌溉技术、氮肥利用效率与氮肥施用技术、水分与氮素对水稻产量及水氮利用效率的耦合效应、作物-土壤关系及水氮调控机制等方面取得的进展;讨论了存在的问题,这些问题包括:高产水稻作物与土壤的水氮互作效应尚不明确;高产水稻水氮耦合与高效利用的分子机理不清楚;协同提高水稻产量与水氮利用效率的调控途径尚未掌握。针对这些问题,建议今后重点研究:高产水稻作物与土壤的水氮互作效应及其机制;水氮互作调控水稻吸收利用水分和氮素的生理与分子机理;协同提高水稻产量和水氮利用效率的调控途径与关键技术。     

Effects of supplementary feeds with different protein levels on growth and economic performances of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) cultured in a rain-fed rice–fish ecosystem

This study investigated the effects of supplementary feeds with different crude protein (CP) levels on the growth and economic performances of sex-reversed Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) reared in a rain-fed rice–fish ecosystem for a period of 120 days. There were four treatments—namely, traditional feed (21% CP), formulated feed (26% CP), commercial feed (30% CP), and control (no feed was used)—with three replicates per treatment. Fish (30.04 g) were stocked in ditches at a rate of 0.5 fish m^?2 considering the total area and fed one of the tested feeds twice daily at the rate of 2%–5% of body weight. Water-quality parameters of the ditches were monitored fortnightly, and these parameters were found suitable for fish farming. Organic matter, total nitrogen, and available phosphorous in soil were increased significantly (P < 0.05) in the feed treatments after fish cultivation. Highly significant weight gain and SGR were observed with fish fed the commercial feed as compared with other treatments. The highest benefit-cost ratio (2.15) was found in the control, followed by formulated feed (1.90), but in the case of numerical net return, it was the opposite. However, commercial feed showed the lowest benefit-cost ratio (1.67) due to higher feed cost than other supplementary feeds. Therefore, this study suggests that fish fed with a formulated feed (26% CP) produced significantly higher net economic return in the rice–fish farming system.     

Seed growth of three perennial ryegrass cultivars sown on two dates and treated with trinexapac ethyl straw shortener

First‐year crops of diploid perennial ryegrass (cvs. Meridian, Bronsyn and Grasslands Impact) were sown on 1 April and 14 May 2008. Applications of trinexapac ethyl (TE) plant growth regulator at 0, 200 and 400 g a.i. ha^?1 were used to shorten stems to examine the impact of seed growth. Seed filling followed a consistent sigmoidal growth pattern with a lag phase of 127°C days, and linear duration of 390°C days. Time to 95% of final seed weight was 517°C days. Seed yield increases from TE were from higher numbers of first‐grade seeds m^?2, achieved by a higher rate of seed filling during the linear phase of 0·115 mg per °C day per spike. For all cultivars, the maximum stem dry weight occurred at 310–400°C days post‐anthesis, which suggest the stem was a strong sink. As seeds developed, their demand for assimilate increased and they drew more from the stem. At harvest, stem weights from TE treatments were 25% heavier than at anthesis, while untreated ‘Bronsyn’ and ‘Grasslands Impact’ stems were similar to those at anthesis. Thus, stems treated with TE contributed assimilates to increase seed yield but were still a net sink with assimilates in the stem at harvest. Trinexapac ethyl rate induced an inverse relationship between seed yield and stem height. This showed that competition for assimilate between stems and growing seeds limited the seed yield. Management or genetic factors that reduce stem height are likely to increase seed yields of perennial ryegrass.